Monday 23 September 2013

Insurance Definition and Its Types

Insurance is the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another in exchange for payment. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss.
An insurer, or insurance carrier, is a company selling the insurance; the insured, or policyholder, is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The amount of money to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage is called the premium. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
The transaction involves the insured assuming a guaranteed and known relatively small loss in the form of payment to the insurer in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate (indemnify) the insured in the case of a financial (personal) loss. The insured receives a contract, called the insurance policy, which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insured will be financially compensated. Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities (known as exposures) to pay for the losses that some may incur. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be an insurable risk, the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics. Insurance as a financial intermediary is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also self-insure through saving money for possible future losses.[1]
Insurability[edit source | editbeta]
Main article: Insurability
Risk which can be insured by private companies typically shares seven common characteristics:[2]
Large number of similar exposure units: Since insurance operates through pooling resources, the majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of large classes, allowing insurers to benefit from the law of large numbers in which predicted losses are similar to the actual losses. Exceptions include Lloyd's of London, which is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, sports figures, and other famous individuals. However, all exposures will have particular differences, which may lead to different premium rates.
Definite loss: The loss takes place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured person on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place, or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place, and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
Accidental loss: The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be pure, in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks or even purchasing a lottery ticket, are generally not considered insurable.
Large loss: The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses, these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is hardly any point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
Affordable premium: If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, then it is not likely that the insurance will be purchased, even if on offer. Furthermore, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, then the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the US Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
Calculable loss: There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
Limited risk of catastrophically large losses: Insurable losses are ideally independent and non-catastrophic, meaning that the losses do not happen all at once and individual losses are not severe enough to bankrupt the insurer; insurers may prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base. Capital constrains insurers' ability to sell earthquake insurance as well as wind insurance in hurricane zones. In the US, flood risk is insured by the federal government. In commercial fire insurance, it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer's capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.
Legal[edit source | editbeta]
When a company insures an individual entity, there are basic legal requirements. Several commonly cited legal principles of insurance include:[3]
Indemnity – the insurance company indemnifies, or compensates, the insured in the case of certain losses only up to the insured's interest.
Insurable interest – the insured typically must directly suffer from the loss. Insurable interest must exist whether property insurance or insurance on a person is involved. The concept requires that the insured have a "stake" in the loss or damage to the life or property insured. What that "stake" is will be determined by the kind of insurance involved and the nature of the property ownership or relationship between the persons. The requirement of an insurable interest is what distinguishes insurance from gambling.
Utmost good faith – (Uberrima fides) the insured and the insurer are bound by a good faith bond of honesty and fairness. Material facts must be disclosed.
Contribution – insurers which have similar obligations to the insured contribute in the indemnification, according to some method.
Subrogation – the insurance company acquires legal rights to pursue recoveries on behalf of the insured; for example, the insurer may sue those liable for the insured's loss.
Causa proxima, or proximate cause – the cause of loss (the peril) must be covered under the insuring agreement of the policy, and the dominant cause must not be excluded
Mitigation – In case of any loss or casualty, the asset owner must attempt to keep loss to a minimum, as if the asset was not insured.
Indemnification[edit source | editbeta]
Main article: Indemnity
To "indemnify" means to make whole again, or to be reinstated to the position that one was in, to the extent possible, prior to the happening of a specified event or peril. Accordingly, life insurance is generally not considered to be indemnity insurance, but rather "contingent" insurance (i.e., a claim arises on the occurrence of a specified event). There are generally three types of insurance contracts that seek to indemnify an insured:
a "reimbursement" policy, and
a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[4] policy, and
an "indemnification" policy.
From an insured's standpoint, the result is usually the same: the insurer pays the loss and claims expenses.
If the Insured has a "reimbursement" policy, the insured can be required to pay for a loss and then be "reimbursed" by the insurance carrier for the loss and out of pocket costs including, with the permission of the insurer, claim expenses.[4][5]
Under a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would defend and pay a claim on behalf of the insured who would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language which enables the insurance carrier to manage and control the claim.
Under an "indemnification" policy, the insurance carrier can generally either "reimburse" or "pay on behalf of", whichever is more beneficial to it and the insured in the claim handling process.
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance policy. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: identification of participating parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a claim against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the premium. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims – in theory for a relatively few claimants – and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (called reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.

Insurance Tips For Homeowners

Homeowners' insurance isn't a luxury, it's a necessity. In fact, most mortgage companies won't make a loan or finance a residential real estate transaction unless the buyer provides proof of coverage for the full or fair value of the property (most of the time this is the purchase price). In this article, we'll show you some simple actions you can take to make sure your homeowners' insurance is sufficient for your needs.

For background reading, check out Exploring Advanced Insurance Contract Fundamentals and Fifteen Insurance Policies You Don't Need.

Homeowners' insurance can be very expensive. Those that live in high-risk areas such as close to major waterways, known earthquake fault lines or other high claims areas will pay the most for coverage. In fact, those in high-risk areas are often forced to pay annual premiums in the many thousands of dollars. But even homeowners in relatively sedate, suburban neighborhoods (with property values around the national average of $210,000) could pay between $500 and $1,000 a year for a basic policy.

SEE: Understand Your Insurance Contract

The good news is that although you can't (and shouldn't) avoid purchasing homeowners' insurance, there are ways to minimize the cost.

Here are six ways to make sure you get the right coverage and consequent compensation for your home:

1) Maintain a Security System and Smoke Alarms: A burglar alarm that is monitored by a central station, or that is tied directly to a local police station, will help lower the homeowner's annual premiums, perhaps by 5% or more. In order to obtain the discount, the homeowner must typically provide proof of central monitoring in the form of a bill or a contract to the insurance company.

Smoke alarms are another biggie. While standard in most modern houses, installing them in older homes can save the homeowner 10% or more in annual premiums. Of course, even more importantly, in case of fire, they could save your life!

To find out more about homeownership, see A Tax Primer For Homeowners and Mortgages: How Much Can You Afford?

2) Raise Your Deductible: Like health insurance or car insurance, the higher the deductible the homeowner chooses, the lower the annual premiums. However, the problem with selecting a high deductible is that smaller claims/problems such as broken windows or damaged sheetrock from a leaky pipe, which typically will cost only a few hundred dollars to fix, will most likely be absorbed by the homeowner.

3) Look for Multiple Policy Discounts: Many insurance companies give a discount of 10% or more to their customers that maintain other insurance contracts under the same roof (such as auto or health insurance). Consider obtaining a quote for other types of insurance from the same company that provides your homeowners' insurance. You may end up saving on two annual policy premiums.

4) Plan Ahead for Construction: If the homeowner plans to build an addition to the home or another structure adjacent to the home, he or she should consider the materials that will be used. Typically, wood-framed structures (because they are highly flammable) will cost more to insure. Conversely, cement- or steel-framed structures will cost less because it is less likely to succumb to fire or adverse weather conditions.

Another thing that most homeowners should, but often don't, consider is the insurance costs associated with building a swimming pool. In fact, items such as pools and/or other potentially injurious devices (like trampolines) can drive annual homeowners' insurance costs up by 10% or more. This may seem like a small price to pay given the joy these items bring, but it is still something that should be considered by the homeowner prior to purchase or construction.

5) Pay Off Your Mortgage: Obviously this is easier said than done, but homeowners that pay off their mortgage debts will most likely see their premiums drop. Why? The simple reason is that the insurance company figures that if you own the home outright, you'll take better care of it.

6) Make Regular Policy Reviews and Comparisons: Investors should, at least once per year, compare the costs of other insurance policies to their own. In addition, they should review their existing policy and make note of any changes that might have occurred that could lower their premiums.

For example, perhaps the homeowner has disassembled the trampoline, paid off the mortgage, installed a burglar alarm or installed a sophisticated sprinkler system inside his or her home. If this is the case, simply notifying the insurance company of the change(s) and providing proofs in the form of pictures and/or receipts could significantly lower insurance premiums.

Look for changes in the neighborhood that could reduce rates as well. For example, the installation of a fire hydrant within 100 feet of the home, or the erection of a fire substation within close proximity to the property may lower the homeowner's annual premiums.

Additional Items
The following are characteristics that all homeowners' insurance policies should carry:


Guaranteed Replacement Value Insurance:
All homeowners should buy "guaranteed replacement value" homeowners insurance. This means that their home will be rebuilt in the event of a disaster - no matter what the cost. Of course, many of you may be thinking that this is what would happen anyway, right? Wrong. Because home values have increased substantially in recent years, it probably costs more to build a house than when you originally purchased your home and your insurance policy. The good news is that guaranteed replacement value policies will absorb the increased costs and provide the homeowner with a cushion if construction prices increase.
Endorsements: Legally speaking, an endorsement is an amendment to the basic homeowner's policy. Practically speaking, it is a way for homeowners to ensure that their high-priced possessions will be insured in the event of a disaster.For example, a woman wanting to insure her diamond engagement ring would obtain an endorsement to her homeowners' policy in order to prove not only that she owned the ring, but also its value. She would do this by obtaining a formal appraisal of the ring from a jeweler, and then sending the appraisal to the insurance carrier for special notation on the insurance contract. Formal endorsements such as these will help in the claims process and ensure that the homeowner gets the full dollar value of the item if it is lost, stolen or damaged in a disaster. Typical items that are endorsed in addition to jewelry include furs, antiques and collectibles.
Wrapping It All Up
To avoid any discrepancies and any delays in receiving your insurance money for your home, make sure you document everything. Photograph and videotape the entire contents of your home and the home itself. Then store these photos and videotapes in a fireproof box. In addition, consider storing a copy of the photos at a relative's house, and/or in a safety deposit box. Doing this will help homeowners compile an inventory of their possessions (which is what the insurance company will demand) after a disaster. It will also, by extension, dramatically shorten the length of the claims process if a disaster does occur.

Homeowners' insurance is a necessity. There are ways to save money, but there are also some features that homeowners shouldn't skimp on. Make sure you know the difference.

To learn more about buying a home, see Shopping For A Mortgage, Understanding The Mortgage Payment Structure, Understanding Your Mortgage and Paying Off Your Mortgage.

Atomix Virtual DJ 7 Full Version With Crack And Patch


Free Download Atomix Virtual DJ 7 Pro Full Version with Serial, crack, keygen and Patch. Virtual DJ Pro is a software used for mixing sounds/music.. Virtual DJ 7 consists of a set of audio tools, effects and widgets designed specifically for Disco Jockey’s. We can also create music tracks from MP3-files in the built-in player,the program allows you to overclock the music inside the tempo or increase the speed of sound in manual and automatic mode. So what are waiting for.. scroll down, download the software and mix your music an become a DJ lolz.

Virtual DJ is the only programme through which we can mix and scratch smoothly any kind of music/video. Enjoy its features, effects & explore the music. It fits perfectly inside your existing DJ booth and allows you to progressively switch to digital mixing at your own pace. It provides you with Music Video & Karaoke support, Fully automated playlist mixing, Hardware Controller support and Mufti-format audio database and much more cool options. Virtual DJ is accessible to beginners and packed with extra features. The downside of the software is that it sticks too much to what a physical DJ setup is - other programs offer four decks and more user-friendly interfaces - small knobs may be great for your fingers, but they're less use on a screen!

On the whole, Virtual DJ is a solid, traditional-looking application. You can showcase your very own mix without having to carry around expensive and bulky equipment. VirtualDJ is now one of the the hottest AUDIO-VIDEO mixing software, targeting DJs from the bedroom, mobile, and professional superstars like Carl Cox etc. With the help of VirtualDJ BeatLock engine, songs will always stay in beat, and the DJ works their mixes incredibly faster. The automatic seamless loop engine and synchronized sampler lets the DJ perform outstanding remixes live, with no preparation at all. The vinyl controls will let you scratch like on a real turntable and thats really a cool thing, except that with the beatlock engine your scratches will never end out of the beat.

Atomix Virtual DJ 7 downloadVirtualDJ's large collection of skin interfaces to suit everybody from the beginner to the professional DJ, the possibility to record the DJ's mix to then burn to CDs, to broadcasting on the Internet and/or the DJ's own radio station, to use headphones to preview  the song, or use an external mixer to perform in a club; VirtualDJ is a DJ's ULTIMATE mix software.

I think its pretty easy o get started. Simply open the music library, and drag and drop files into your Virtual DJ's decks. There's a BPM counter in Virtual DJ to help you out in judging transitions between tracks, and the visual wave display also helps to cue up your music. Setting the sound levels and altering bass and treble are all really easy. If you don't want to worry about your transitions, press the auto mix button and let Virtual DJ do all the work for you. Be warned though, that the results are pretty mixed!

You can sample and loop tracks live, add effects, and there's a very natural-feeling scratch mode. For the adventurous, there's a lot you can add to your mixes with Virtual DJ.

Support for recording your mixes is also available, which is a great way to learn, allowing you to analyze your mistakes and successes with the application. It also means you can record mixes for your friends! Mixes can be recorded in MP3, burned to CD or even streamed to internet radio. Virtual DJ can be set up to use two sound cards, if you have them.

Recent changes in VIrtual DJ:

Fixed microphone sound with non-ASIO soundcards
Fixed compatibility with 48Khz-only ASIO drivers
Fxed action "motor_switch" (fixes HS5500 in dual-layer mode)
New MIDI definition syntax:
Fixed IVdjPluginMapper plugins
fixed vinyl mode in config option to affect decks>2
Don't register as ReWire master until vdj is actually using it
MAC: fixed crash when automixing karaoke
MAC: fixed filter folders using "days since xxx"
MAC: fixed deleting playlists
MAC: fixed get bitrate informations
MAC: fixed sort by file date

Key features:

Some of the super cool features of Virtual DJ are ...
- Video mixing
- Three-band EQ
- Control of pitch
- Synchronised sampler
- Compatible with sound cards, ASIO
- Compatible with ID3-tags
- Fully supported karaoke
- Compatible with VST effects
- Encoding CD to MP3
- Automatic adjustment of track speed
- This changes the volume level
- Excellent imitation vinyl records
- Automatic reduction of the tracks
- Built-ins for audio processing
- Support for the change program interface using skins
- Support for MIDI-keyboard to control tracks
- Record mixes to WAV or MP3 formats
And much more…

Resident Evil 4 Game For PC Full Version

The fourth installment of Capcom’s pivotal “Survival Horror” series continues with this fully-3D installment. The title takes place in 2004 some six years after the events that transpired in Resident Evil 2. The government has destroyed the Umbrella Corporation, which has been behind just about every plot and disgusting bio-chemical mutation in the survival horror series. Now-US agent Leon Kennedy (of Resident Evil 2 fame) has been dispatched to Europe to save the President’s daughter from “crazed organizations.”

Genre: Third-Person Action Adventure
Publisher/Co-Publisher: Ubisoft / Capcom
Developer: Capcom Production Studio 4

Minimum System Requirements: 
* OS: Windows® 2000/XP (only)
* CPU:1 GHz Pentium® III or AMD Athlon
* RAM: 256 MB
* HDD: 7000 MB free disk space
* Graphics: 128 MB DirectX® 9.0c-compliant AGP or PCI Express graphics card
* Sound Card: DirectX 9 Compatible
* DirectX: Version 9.0c 

Screen Shots:
RESIDENT EVIL 4 HATRED

RESIDENT EVIL 4 HATRED

First Download Password

Company of Heroes 2-RELOADED + Crack Only

In the world’s darkest hour you are a commander of the Soviet Red Army, entrenched in brutal frontline warfare to free Mother Russia from the Enemy invaders.

It is 1941 and the beginning of what will become the bloodiest conflict of World War II resulting in more than 14 million military casualties.

Witness the struggles of the Red Army from near defeat through their incredible triumph over Germany in the most challenging and costly theater of the war, the Eastern Front.

Your military tactics hold the power to tip the very balance of this conflict. Engage in tactical combat that will define you as a military leader and wield the might of the Soviet Empire as you smash your way to Berlin.

The Motherland is Calling!

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The Digital Collector’s Edition includes the following:

Vehicle Skin Combo Pack:
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Exclusive Collector Faceplate:
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Commander Archetypes:
Soviet Commanders
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Terror Tactics
German Commanders
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Commander Pass:
Access to Five Commander Archetype’s Available Post-Launch

Theater of War Mini Pack:
Post Launch Content Bundle

Company of Heroes Complete Pack:
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Key Features
Award Winning Franchise – Sequel to the highest rated strategy game of all time returns with an innovative warfare experience that will redefine the Strategy genre once more
Essence 3.0 Engine – Cutting-edge technology that increases the graphical quality and accuracy of deadly combat with the unprecedented TrueSight™ system and ultra realistic ColdTech™ dynamic weather that changes strategic warfare forever
Blood and Snow – Take command of the iconic Red Army on the Eastern Front and repel the Enemy invaders in this Battle of the Ideologies
Tactical Warfare – Develop and utilize your new Commander Abilities and experience the up-close moment-to-moment brutality of frontline warfare through new Dynamic Battle Tactics
Intense Online Combat – Featuring the great competitive and co-operative multiplayer that fans have grown to expect from this high-quality and critically acclaimed franchise

Title: Company of Heroes 2
Genre: Strategy
Developer: Relic Entertainment
Publisher: SEGA
Release Date: Jun 25, 2013
Languages: Czech, English*, French*, German*, Italian, Polish*, Russian*, Spanish*

Company of Heroes 2-RELOADED

SIZE: 10.4 GB

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System Requirements:
OS: 32bit Vista
Processor: 2Ghz Intel Core2 Duo or equivalent
Memory: 2GB RAM
Graphics: 512MB Direct3D 10 capable video card (GeForce 8800 GT or Radeon HD 2900XT)
DirectX®:
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Internet: Broadband Internet connection

Screen Shots:
Company of Heroes 2 RELOADED + CRACK ONLY

Company of Heroes 2 RELOADED + CRACK ONLY

Company of Heroes 2 RELOADED + CRACK ONLY

Installation
1. Unrar.
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  3. Install the game.

  4. Copy over the cracked content from the /Crack directory on the image to
     your game install directory.
  5. Play the game.

  6. Support the software developers.